In situ

Battery-material characterisation usually falls into three layers. Diffraction and electron microscopy read structure and morphology. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) read chemical state. In-situ diffraction and absorption read the charge–discharge process. In an all-solid-state cell the interface reactions often sit inside the sample, so that part leans on synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), which can penetrate the cell. ...

Grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) is suited to molecular packing, crystal orientation, and crystallisation in thin films. This note keeps the composition ratios, spectral parameters, and times reported for D18/BTP-eC9-4F organic films, and lines them up with the other measurements in the same source. What GIWAXS measuresSynchrotron X-rays hit the film at a grazing angle of about 0.1°–1°. The source states that the evanescent wave from total reflection at the interfac...